Eczema is a form of dermatitis or inflammation of the epidermis. the epidermis is the outer layer of the skin typically characterized by itchiness, redness and a rash. The area of skin involved can vary from small to covering to entire body. dermatitis is often called eczema and the different between these terms is not standardized.
Dermatitis symptoms vary with all different form of the condition there are certain sign that are common for all of them including redness of the skin swelling itching and skin lesion with sometimes oozing and scarring . the area of skin on which the symptoms appear tends to be different with every type of dermatitis whether on the neck , wrist , forearm , thigh , or ankle. Although thee symptoms of atopic dermaatitis vary from person to person the most common symptoms are der , itchy red skin. Typical affected skin areas include the folds of the arms , the back f the knee, wrists , face and hands. Papules and vesicles are commonly present. In severe cases symptoms may appear along the hairline , behind the cars on the eyebrows on the bridge of the nose around the nose on the chest and on the upper back.
We with eczema should not receive the small pox vaccination due to risk of developing eczema vaccinatum a potentially severe and sometimes fatal complication.
The cause of drermatitis is unknown but is presumed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
Invironmental - The hygiene hypothesis postulates that the cause of asthma , eczema, and other allergic diseases is an unusually clean environment in childhood which leads to an insufficient human microbiota.
Malnutrition - essential fatty acid deficiency results in a dermatitis similar to that seen in zinc or biotin deficiency.
Genetic- A number of genes have been associated with eczema one of which is filaggrin . Three new genetic varients associated with eczema ; OVOL1 , ACTL9 , and IL4-KIF3A
Exclusive breastfeeding of infants during at least the first few months may decrease the risk . There is tentative evidence that probiotics in infancy may reduce rates but it is insufficient to recommend its use . there is moderate certainty evidence that the use of skin care interventions such as emollients within the first year of life of an infant's life is not effective in preventing eczema .
Healthy diet - There has not been adequate evalution of changing the diet to reduce eczema.
Fatty acid - Oils with fatty acids that have been studied to prevent dermatitis include;
There is no known cure for some types of dermatitis with treatment aiming to control symptoms by reducing inflammation and relieving itching, contact dermatitis is treated by avoiding what is causing it.
Lifestyle - bathing once or more a day is recommended usually for five to ten minutes in warm water . soap should be avoided as they tends to strip the skin of natural oils and lead to excessive dryness.
Moisturizers - low quality evidence indicates that moisturizing agents may reduce eczema severity and lead to fewer flares.
Diagnosis of eczema is based moslty on the history and physical examination . In uncertain cases skin biopsy may be taken for a histopatho logic diagnosis of dermatitis . Those with eczema may be especially prone to misdiagnosis of all food allergies.
Patches tests are used in the diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis.
Most cases are well managed with topical treatments and ultravoilet light about 2% of cases are not in more than 60% of young children the condition subsides by adolescence.
Some cosmetics are marketed as hypoallergenic to imply that their use is less likely to lead to an allergic reaction than other product. however the term " hypoallergic is not regulated and no researches has been done showing that products labeled "hypoallergenic " are less problematic than any others .
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